The Index Reference card at the top of the thread is simplistic and covers the majority of the logs you'll need for basic backups to tape. The power point is good also for an overview.
The http://www.symantec.com/docs/TECH46468 posted by Marianne is the best public document available. There are mistakes in this document too. The most obvious is the lack of BPCD even being mentioned and others.
The netbackup 7.5 troubleshooting guide gives us more information about the process flow that is correct and accurate. http://www.symantec.com/docs/DOC5180 What is missing is the call backs some processes make shown in Marianne's link.
There is not one document that shows a lot of the differences when the same process flow is used with other features. (VMware, Accelerator, BMR, Snapshots, etc). The more you know about the product the easier our jobs become. From a Detailed status and the point of failure we know what host to go to and which logs to enable.
To get the most definitive answer on the process flow. Shut down netbackup. Enable verbose = 5 and Vxlogs to 6. Use the mklogdir. Then configure a one file backup all on the master server as the client. Use the Detailed status to give the pid number you'll need to find in the logs along with the above guides as to which log to read first.
The other option is to inquire with Education Services and have a class taught on the subject.
Happy Backup.