You asked:
"How can I look for PST files more frequently than once per day?"
You would need to manually run the Task if you wanted it to search more than once a day.
You can schedule the Locator task to run during normal office hours. This probably ensures that it will find the maximum possible number of computers and PST files. When the Locator task has completed its scan of computers it does no more work, even if its schedule window is still open. It will not scan each computer again for a minimum of one day, although you can increase this period between scans.
"How can I limit the search to just a subset of the storagesolution"
The PST Locator Task logon account needs to have rights to the registry and drives then it will search for PST files. There is no option to limit this search criteria.
Your main question though seems to be how to "identify the minimum required permissions needed to search a fileserver for PSTs".
The PST Locator Task logon account needs Local Administrator rights on the client computers. There is no way to limit the drives or directories being scanned because the Task reads from the registry for attached drives to scan.
Your suggestions and recommendations are always accepted through the enhancement web site:
http://engweb.symantec.com/enhancement/